Jean Baudrillard, Selected Writings, edited by Mark Poster (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1988), pp. 22-23; Anastasios S. Korkotsides, Consumer Capitalism (London: Routledge, 2007), p. xvii; Sallie Westwood, Power and the Social (London: Routledge, 2002), p. 121.
LINK: Did you know Baudrillard's notions inspired the Matrix? Although Baudrillard said the movie stemmed from "misunderstandings" of his ideas, it doesn't make it any less interesting that one of the biggest pop-culture phenomenons of all time was inspired by the philosophy of simulation and simulacrum. Click the picture to be taken to capitalism-cum-intelligence: bona fide philosophers waxing wise about the Matrix on none other than Warner Brother's page.
Unidentified Baudrillard Cartoon; clicking on it will take you to Baudrillard's entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Click the pic of Baudrillard next to his movie homage to find his node on the Warner's page
Chapter: 2
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Grizzly Adams—a nineteenth-century Wild West adventurer who inspired a 1977-1978 TV series and several TV specials and films—made the trip from California to New York in the 1850s, rounding Cape Horn in the Concorde of its day, the clipper ship Golden Fleece, in only three and a half months. Few ships were this swift. See Phineas Taylor Barnum, The Humbugs of the World (Amsterdam: Fredonia Books, 2001, reprinted from the original 1866 edition), pp. 38-39.
VIDEO: The TV series alluded to? The intro goes a little something like this:
Learn more about Dan Haggerty and Bozo by clicking on them
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, ed.Gareth Stedman Jones and trans. Samuel Moore (New York: Penguin, 2002).
VIDEO: Been curious to hear Marx from the horses mouth, but not so much as to put The Communist Manifesto on your reading list? Maybe you just needed to hear it - in a youtube video set to cartoons.
Click the 2007 American Poetry Month Poster with his likeness to go to a page of Marx quotables
Chapter: 4
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Pablo Martinez Monsivais, "Government Prepared to Lend $7.7 Trillion," Bloomberg News, November 24, 2008.
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Gregor Peter Schmitz, "G-20 Meeting in Washington—The Good Intentions Summit," Der Spiegel, November 17, 2008.
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Louis Uchitelle, Edmund L. Andrews, and Stephen Labaton, "U.S. Loses 533,000 Jobs in Biggest Drop since 1974," New York Times, December 5, 2008. America lost a total of 2.6 million jobs in 2008.
Click the pic to go to the article online; caption from the link: "A job fair in Hialeah, Fla., in November."
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Gregg Farrell and Barbara Hansen, "Stocks May Fall, but Execs' Pay Doesn't," USA Today April 11, 2008.
Click the economic policy institute chart to zoom to the USAtoday.com article
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HCL Finance invented the term NINJA loan. Another name in the finance business for NINJA loans was "liar loans." The formal titles for NINJA loans, liar loans, and other high-risk mortgage loans of this kind were "subprime loans" and "subprime mortgages."
A political cartoon about the role of ninja loans: doesn't look good for the Housing Market Gold Mine
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Steven A. Holmes, "Fannie Mae Eases Credit to Aid Mortgage Lending," New York Times, September 30, 1999.
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Jo Becker, Sheryl Gay Stolberg, and Stephen Labaton, "The Reckoning: White House Philosophy Stoked Mortgage Bonfire," New York Times, December 21, 2008.
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Edmund Conway, "'Ninja' Loans Explode on Sub-prime Frontline," London Telegraph, September 22, 2008.
Click the pic for the online article; from the link: "Sale of the century: property insiders fear middle-class families will now be drawn into the sub-prime disaster"
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Bureau of the Census, "Census Bureau Reports on Residential Vacancies and Homeownership," United States Department of Commerce News, October 25, 2004.
Chapter: 5
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Paul Rancatore, "Ten Steps to Save Obama's First Term (and Billions in Taxpayer Dollars)," unpublished manuscript, December 8, 2008.
Federal Reserve Bank, "Ben Bernanke," Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, http://www.federalreserve.gov/aboutthefed/bios/board/bernanke.htm (accessed December 15, 2008); see, for example, Ben S.Bernanke, Essays on the Great Depression (Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityPress, 2004); Ashley Seager, "'Helicopter Ben' and His 0% Remedy for Depression," Guardian, March 19, 2008.
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Federal Reserve Board, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve Bank, http://www.federalreserve.gov/ (accessed December 15, 2008).
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"Timeline: Global Credit Crunch: A Quick Guide to How the Credit Crunch Unfolded," BBC News, December 19, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7521250.stm (accessed December 26, 2008).
IMAGES: first 3 slides of 10 from the source link above
Ben Bernanke, "Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke before the National Economists Club, Washington, DC, December 2, 2004," Federal Reserve Bank, http://www.federalreserve.gov/BoardDocs/Speeches/2004/20041202/default.htm (accessed December 23, 2008); Hossein Askari and Noureddine Krichene, "The Mother of All Golden Parachutes," Asia Times, October 4, 2008.
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Bernanke attributed the term helicopter drop of money to one of the fathers of free-market economics, Milton Friedman. See Ben Bernanke, "Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke before the National Economists Club, Washington, DC, November 21, 2002," Federal Reserve Board, http://www.federalreserve.gov/BOARDDOCS/SPEECHES/2002/20021121/default.htm (accessed December 24, 2008). See also Dean Foust, "Will 'Helicopter Ben' Bernanke Ride to the Rescue?" Business Week, August 16, 2008.
VIDEO: Here's Milton Friedman on Charlie Rose
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Jane Wardell, "Woolworths to Go into Administration," Associated Press, November 26, 2008; "Q&A: Bankruptcy Made Simple: Bankruptcy, Receivership and Administration Mean Different Things in Different Countries. BBC News Online Explains," BBC News Online, October 5, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/1578896.stm (accessed February 13, 2009).
Chapter: 6
1
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Joshua Goldstein, Long Cycles: Prosperity and War in the Modern Age (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1988); John Sterman and Dennis Lynn Meadows, "Strategem-2: A Microcomputer Simulation Game of the Kondratiev Cycle," working paper, MIT, 1985; Arno Tausch, From the "Washington" towards a "Vienna Consensus"? A Quantitative Analysis on Globalization, Development and Global Governance (Hauppauge, NY:Nova, 2006), p. 136.
Click the "Cycles within the Wheel" representation for a brief run-down on the man and theory
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Nikolai D. Kondratiev, N. A. Makasheva, Stephen S. Wilson, Warren J. Samuels, and Vincent Barnett, The Works of Nikolai D. Kondratiev, trans. Stephen S. Wilson (London: Pickering & Chatto, 1998).
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For the technological interpretation of the Kondratiev wave and for the techno-interpretation's debt to the ideas of Joseph Schumpeter, see Byung-Rok Choi, High Technology Development in Regional Economic Growth: Policy Implications of Dynamic Externalities (London: Ashgate,2003), p. 3; Christopher Freeman and Francisco Louca, As Time Goes By: From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 81; Karamjit S. Gill, Information Society: New Media, Ethics, and Postmodernism (New York: Springer, 1996), p. 12.
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Carole Collier Frick, Dressing Renaissance Florence: Families, Fortunes, & Fine Clothing (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).
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Paul Abbott Ketchum, Microbiology: Introduction for Health Professionals (New York: Wiley, 1984), p. 3; Ben Waggoner, "Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)," University of California Museum of Paleontology, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html (accessedDecember 28, 2008).
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Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World (New York: Penguin, 2008).
John Kay's patent of the flying shuttle in 1733 would be one key to mechanized fabric production. Lance Day and Ian McNeil, Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology (London: Taylor & Francis, 1996), p.
Click the flying shuttle for Spartacus Educational's piece on it, an check out the about us for their interesting mission statement
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Mary Beggs-Humphreys, Hugh Gregor, and Darlow Humphreys, The Industrial Revolution (London: Allen & Unwin, 1975).
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Watt took out his first steam engine patent in 1769, but he wasn't satisfied with the machine he'd built. He worked on the design for another fifteen years. In 1784 he finally took out his last patent. At last he felt he had a machine that, in the words of Perry Walton, "was applicable to power-driving of all sorts." Watt's 1784 design was in use for the next hundred years.See Perry Walton, The Story of Textiles: A Bird's-Eye View of the History of the Beginning and the Growth of the Industry by Which Mankind Is Clothed (Boston: John S. Lawrence, 1912), pp. 99-100; Roy Rothwell and Walter Zegveld, Reindustrialization and Technology (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe,1985); Andrew Carnegie, James Watt (New York: Doubleday, Page: 1905). Watt was not the inventor of the first widely used steam engine. Thomas Newcomen had that honor. Newcomen's steam engines were used to pump water out of mines and were installed in over one hundred locations in Britain and Europe. But they had to be housed in large, special-purpose buildings, they were expensive, they used huge amounts of fuel, they were slow, and they produced a jerky movement that was much too punishing to power most machines.
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Jane Jacobs, Cities and the Wealth of Nations: Principles of Economic Life (New York: Vintage, 1985).
12
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Piyapas Tharavanij, "Capital Market Development, Frequency of Recession, and Fraction of Time the Economy in Recession," Munich Personal RePEc Archive, September 9, 2007, MPRA paper no. 4954, November 7, 2007, p. 15, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4954/1/MPRA_paper_4954.pdf (accessed December 28, 2008).
Chapter: 7
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Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank, and Michael Loewe, "The Cambridge History of China: The Ch'in and Han Empires 221 B.C.-A.D.220" (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), p. 579.
Click for Cambridge's page on the book
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Edgar Lawrence Smith, Common Stocks and Business Cycles: A Practical Analysis of the Basic Causes and Patterns of Cyclical Behavior in Economic Series (New York: William-Frederick Press, 1959), p. 174; Niall Ferguson, The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World (New York:Penguin, 2008).
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Robert Sobel and Broadus Mitchell, The Big Board: A History of the New York Stock Market (Frederick, MD: Beard Books, 2000), pp. 8-9.
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Walter Adolphe Roberts, The French in the West Indies (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1942); James Handasyd Perkins and James R. Albach, Annals of the West: Embracing a Concise Account of Principal Events Which Have Occurred in the Western States and Territories, from the Discovery of the Mississippi Valley to the Year Eighteen Hundred and Forty-five: Compiled from the Most Authentic Sources (Cincinnati: J. R. Albach, 1847), p. 34.
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Charles MacKay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (Petersfield, Hampshire, England: Harriman House, 2003, originally published 1841), p. 55.
Click to skim it in google.books
Click to look at Google's interesting timeline feature and its chronology of everything Charles Mackay
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Aurel Schubert, The Credit-Anstalt Crisis of 1931 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), p. 8; Charles P. Kindleberger, "The Credit-Anstalt Crisis of 1931," book review, Southern Economic Journal, July1993; Barry J. Eichengreen, Globalizing Capital (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), pp. 78-79.
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Arnold Joseph Toynbee, V. M. Boulter, and Veronica M. Toynbee, Survey of International Affairs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1931), p. 63.
Click on the Time cover for all things Toynbee on Encyclopedia.com
The Economist covering Toynbee's 1927 version of his annual survey will take you to a page of his quotes
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For a more conspiratorial reading of the Credit-Anstalt crisis, see William Engdahl, A Century of War: Anglo-American Oil Politics and the New World Order (London: Pluto Press, 2004).
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Bank for International Settlements, "Introductory Note on the Bank for International Settlements: 1930-1945," Bank for International Settlements, May 12, 1997, http://www.bis.org/publ/bisp02a.pdf (accessed March 2, 2009).
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Schubert, The Credit-Anstalt Crisis of 1931, p. 13.
Check out google.books link to peruse the book
Chapter: 8
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Carl Cavanagh Hodge and Cathal J. Nolan, U.S. Presidents and Foreign Policy: From 1789 to the Present (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO,2006), p. 231; David Greenberg, Calvin Coolidge: The 30th President, 1923-1929 (New York: Macmillan, 2007), pp. 146-47, 150.
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Claude M. Fuess, Calvin Coolidge: The Man from Vermont (Boston: Little, Brown, 1940), p. 82.
3
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Ben Bernanke, "Money, Gold, and the Great Depression, Remarks by Governor Ben S. Bernanke at the H. Parker Willis Lecture in Economic Policy, Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia, March 2, 2004, "Federal Reserve Board, http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2004/200403022/default.htm (accessed January 2, 2009).
Click Time's Person of the Year to be whisked to his Federal Reserve Board bio and even some recent speeches
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Elaine Hatfield, John T. Cacioppo, and Richard L. Rapson, Emotional Contagion: Studies in Emotion & Social Interaction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
Click the book for an article on the subject by the authors
5
54
The phrase "irrational exuberance," Greenspan reports, came to him while he was in the bathtub. Alan Greenspan, The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (New York: Penguin, 2007), p. 176.
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Robert Sobel and Roger Lowenstein, Crashes, Booms, Panics, and Government Regulations (Ashland, OR: Blackstone Audio Books, 2006); Mark Skousen, The Making of Modern Economics (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2001).
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Barbara Silberdick Feinberg, Black Tuesday (Brookfield, CT: Millbrook Press, 1995).
8
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"The Great Depression," in Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt, ed. Allida Black, June Hopkins et al. (Hyde Park, NY: Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site, 2003), http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/great-depression.htm (accessed December 15, 2008).
From the link: "Farmers whose topsoil blew away joined the sod caravans of "Okies" on Route 66 to California, 1935
9
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University of California, Berkeley Institute of International Studies, Asian Survey (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), p. 23.
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Peter Haggett, Encyclopedia of World Geography (Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish, 2002), p. 193.
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Richard J. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich (New York: Penguin, 2004), p. 135.
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Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 262.
Chapter: 9
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R. Kallenbach, T. Encrenaz, J. Geiss, K. Mauersberger, T. Owen, and F. Robert, eds., Solar System History from Isotopic Signatures of Volatile Elements: Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop, 14-18 January 2002, Bern,Switzerland (New York: Springer, 2003), p. 321; K. Altwegg, P. Ehrenfreund, Johannes Geiss, and W. F. Huebner, Composition and Origin of Cometary Materials: Proceedings of an ISSI Workshop, 14-18 September 1998, Bern, Switzerland (New York: Springer, 1999); Martha Haynes and Stirling Churchman, "The Evolution of the Sun," Cornell Astronomy Department, December 24, 2008, http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses//astro201/evol_sun.htm (accessed January 2, 2009).
Click the picture for stimulus overload on this and much, much more
More after the jump on the evolution of stars
Click the evolving stars for NASA's own "Ask an Astrophysicist" and the answer to what happens when our own star takes the next step
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The solar system including comets is 100,000 Astronomical Units in size. One Astronomical Unit is 93 million miles. 100,000 x 93 million = 9.3 x 10^12 miles. The presolar nebula, the cloud of matter that gave birth to our sun, its planets, and its moons, was about three times that size. For the size of the solar system, see Amelie Saintonge, "What Is the Size of the Solar System?" Cornell Astronomy Department, November 2002, http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=374 (accessed January 2, 2009).
VIDEO: Wow, that sure is a lot of zeros. And that means it's big, right? But how big is big really? Maybe you'd rather just take the tour and see for yourself? Well lucky you, the American Museum of Natural History is here to whirl you through a to-scale model of our universe, starting at the Himalaya's and working 13.7 billion years backward to the edge of the universe. Watch out for black-holes: here we go.
Click the picture for the Discovery News source of the video below
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The number of atoms in some protein chains is 240,243,785. ZoltánSzabadka and Vince Grolmusz, "High Throughput Processing of the Structural Information of the Protein Data Bank," Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modeling 25 (2007): 831-36; James K. Hardy, "DNA and RNA Structure and Function," 1998, http://ull.chemistry.uakron.edu/biochem/10/(accessed January 2, 2009); R. Bennewitz, J. N. Crain, A. Kirakosian, J-LLin, J. L. McChesney, D. Y. Petrovykh, and F. J. Himpsel, "Atomic ScaleMemory at a Silicon Surface," Nanotechnology, July 13, 2002, pp. 499-502.
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Ronald P. Jean, Christopher S. Chen, and Alexander A. Spector, "Finite-Element Analysis of the Adhesion-Cytoskeleton-Nucleus Mechanotransduction Pathway during Endothelial Cell Rounding: Axisymmetric Model," Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, August 2005, pp. 594-600.
VIDEO: Thanks to biomedical animator Drew Barry, we CAN imagine what it would be like to be an electron seeing molecular skyscrapers take shape and factories twist and shout.
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Takashi Ohyama, DNA Conformation and Transcription (NewYork: Springer, 2005).
VIDEO: Here's the Human Genome Project's introduction, complete with dynamic visual tour through you and me.
Click the picture to be transported to a primary source of sorts: the human genome project
From the page of University of Toronto biochemist Larry Moran, answering the question "how many genes do we have?"
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Fabia U. Battistuzzi, Andreia Feijao, and S. Blair Hedges, "A Genomic Timescale of Prokaryote Evolution: Insights into the Origin of Methanogenesis, Phototrophy, and the Colonization of Land," BMC Evolutionary Biology 4 (2004): 44; Heinrich D. Holland, "Evidence for Life on Earth More Than 3850 Million Years Ago," Science (January 3, 1997): pp. 38-39; Norman R. Pace, "A Molecular View of Microbial Diversity and the Biosphere," Science (May 2, 1997): 734-40; S. J. Mojzsis, G. Arrhenius, K.D. Mckeegan, T. M. Harrison, A. P. Nutman, and C. R. L. Friend, "Evidence for Life on Earth before 3,800 Million Years Ago," Nature (November 7,1996): 55-59; "When Life Began on Earth," NASA press release, November 5, 1996; John M. Hayes, "The Earliest Memories of Life on Earth," Nature (November 7, 1996): 21-22; James F. Kasting, "Planetary Atmospheres: Warming Early Earth and Mars," Science (May 23, 1997): 1213-15.
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R. Schodel, T. Ott, R. Genzel, R. Hofmann et al., "A Star in a 15.2-Year Orbit around the Supermassive Black Hole at the Centre of the Milky Way," Nature (October 17, 2002): 694-96.
Chapter: 10
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Sources on bacteria include Yves Brun and Lawrence J. Shimkets, Prokaryotic Development (Washington, DC: ASMPress, 2000); Dennis Bray, "Bacterial Chemotaxis: Using Computer Models to Unravel Mechanism," speaker abstracts, Society of General Physiologists, Symposium 2006, http://www.sgpweb.org/Abstracts2006.pdf (accessed March 2, 2009); R. M.Harshey and T. Matsuyama, "Dimorphic Transition in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium: Surface-Induced Differentiation into Hyperflagellate Swarmer Cells," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 30, 1994): 8631-35; B. Terrana and A. Newton, "Requirement of a Cell Division Step for Stalk Formation in Caulobacter crescentus," Journal of Bacteriology (October 1976): 456-62; C. J. Ong, M. L. Wong, and J. Smit, "Attachment of the Adhesive Holdfast Organelle to the Cellular Stalk of Caulobacter crescentus," Journal of Bacteriology (March 1990): 1448-56; J. Smit and N. Agabian, "Cell Surface Patterningand Morphogenesis: Biogenesis of a Periodic Surface Array duringCaulobacter Development," Journal of Cell Biology (October 1982): 41-49; J. M. Sommer, A. Newton, "Turning Off Flagellum Rotation Requires the Pleiotropic Gene pleD: pleA, pleC, and pleD Define Two Morphogenic Pathways in Caulobacter crescentus," Journal of Bacteriology (January 1989): 392-401.
VIDEO: Need more convincing on the remarkable social lives of bacteria? Princeton Molecular Biologist Bonnie Bassler is very good at that:
Click the Staph to read about survivalist bacteria banding together into superstrains when the going gets tough
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Mitsugu Matsushita, "Dynamic Aspects of the Structured Cell Population in a Swarming Colony of Proteus mirabilis," Journal of Bacteriology (January 2000): 385-93.
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Jeanne S. Poindexter, Kanan P. Pujara, and James T. Staley, "In Situ Reproductive Rate of Freshwater Caulobacter," Applied and Environmental Microbiology (September 2000): 4105-11. See the photos of the stalked and flagellar forms of Caulobacter crescentus at "Caulobacter, Microbe Wiki, "Kenyon College, http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Caulobacter (accessed December 25, 2008).
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M. Kanbe, S. Shibata, Y. Umino, U. Jenal, and S. I. Aizawa, "Protease Susceptibility of the Caulobacter crescentus Flagellar Hook-Basal Body: A Possible Mechanism of Flagellar Ejection during Cell Differentiation, "Microbiology (February 2005): 433-38.
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Benoit B. Mandelbrot and Richard L. Hudson, The (Mis)behavior of Markets: A Fractal View of Risk, Ruin, and Reward (New York: BasicBooks, 2004), pp. 207-208.
VIDEO: Check out Mandelbrot and Nassim Taleb, author of "The Black Swan," with dire predictions for the PBS Newshour.
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Anne Goldgar, Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. 5.
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Gabriel Abraham Almond, Scott C. Flanagan, and Robert J. Mundt, Crisis, Choice, and Change: Historical Studies of Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), p. 152.
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See, for example, Maite Narvarte, Raúl González, and Pablo Filippo, "Artisanal Mollusk Fisheries in San Matías Gulf (Patagonia, Argentina): An Appraisal of the Factors Contributing to Unsustainability," Fisheries Research (October 2007): 68-76; David R. Montgomery, King of Fish: The Thousand-Year Run of Salmon (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2004), p. 43.
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Peter J. Hudson, Andy P. Dobson, and Dave Newborn, "Prevention of Population Cycles by Parasite Removal," Science (December 18, 1998): 2256-58.
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Marc Kirschner and John Gerhart, "Evolvability," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95, no. 15: 8420-27; Marie-Thérèse Heemels, "Apoptosis," Nature (October 12, 2000); Pascal Meier, Andrew Finch, and Gerard Evan, "Apoptosis in Development," Nature (October 12,2000): 796-801.
VIDEO: One of the most amazing visualizations of apoptosis out there from biomedical animator, Drew Berry. This is what apoptosis would be as a Hollywood horror movie.
Click the pic to be routed to Apoptosisinfo.com - one-stop-shopping on all things apoptosis
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"The Visible Embryo," compiled from the National Institute of Childand Human Development's Carnegie Collection of Human Development, http://www.visembryo.com/baby/16.html (accessed December 2, 2008).
VIDEO: Find out more about gastrulation and cell-migration by seeing what happens when it goes wrong.
Click the lit up cells of the neural crest to be taken to a sciencedaily.com article on the matter
Chapter: 11
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Credit goes to Neil Shubin for originating the phrase "your inner fish." See Neil Shubin, Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body (New York: Pantheon, 2008).
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Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel, The History of Creation, or, The Development of the Earth and Its Inhabitants by the Action of Natural Causes: A Popular Exposition of the Doctrine of Evolution in General, and of that of Darwin, Goethe, and Lamarck in Particular, 8th German ed. of Ernst Haeckel, trans. L. Dora Schmitz and rev. trans. Edwin Ray Lankester (New York: D. Appleton, 1892), p. 219.
Click ontogeny recapitulating phylogeny to be whisked to an article at brighthubs.com
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For the tale of how Haeckel's idea that "ontology recapitulates phylogeny" came into disrepute, see Hugo Tristram Engelhardt and Arthur L. Caplan, Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology (Cambridge, England, 1987), pp. 82-83.
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Stephen Jay Gould brought Haeckel, ontogeny, and phylogeny backon center stage in 1977 with his book Ontogeny and Phylogeny (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977).
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Alessandro Minelli, The Development of Animal Form (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), p. 7.
Chapter: 12
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For a use of the term bionomics as early as 1905, see John Thomas Gulick, Evolution, Racial and Habitudinal (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1905).
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Michael L. Rothschild, Bionomics: Economy as Ecosystem (New York: Henry Holt, 1992).
Below video: Don't take Howard's word for it - here is Igor Flor, head of the International Bionomics Insititute, talking about his book from an Institute youtube series.
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Lubomira Lencesova, Andrea O'Neill, Wendy G. Resneck, Robert J.Bloch, and Mordecai P. Blaustein, "Plasma Membrane-Cytoskeleton-Endoplasmic Reticulum Complexes in Neurons and Astrocytes," Journal of Biological Chemistry (January 23, 2004): 2885-93.
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Ronald P. Jean, Christopher S. Chen, and Alexander A. Spector, "Finite-Element Analysis of the Adhesion-Cytoskeleton-Nucleus Mechanotransduction Pathway during Endothelial Cell Rounding: Axisymmetric Model," Journal of Biomechanical Engineering (August 2005): 594-600.
John Tyler Bonner, The Evolution of Culture in Animals (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983).
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If a mouse gives birth to ten pups every twenty-one days for a year, that's 17.3 litters a year. In other words, 173 pups per year. If she is able to have litters for three out of her four years of life, that's 519 pups. Per mouse mother!!!
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James F. Willott, The Auditory Psychobiology of the Mouse (Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas, 1983), p. 15; J. Panksepp and J. Burgdorf, "50-kHz Chirping (Laughter?) [sic] in Response to Conditioned and Unconditioned Tickle-Induced Reward in Rats: Effects of Social Housing and Genetic Variables, "Behavioural Brain Research 115 (2000): 25-38; J. Panksepp and J.Burgdorf, "'Laughing' Rats and the Evolutionary Antecedents of Human Joy?" Physiology and Behavior 79 (2003): 533-47.
Auditory Cortex of a mouse
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Jerry Wolff and Paul W. Sherman, Rodent Societies: An Ecological & Evolutionary Perspective (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), p. 318; Robert Thomas Mason, Michael P. LeMaster, and Dietland Müller-Schwarze, Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 10 (New York: Springer, 2003), p. 8.
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The concept of the fission-fusion strategy or of "fission-fusion dynamics" appears to have originated in 1971 in F. P. G. Aldrich-Blake, T. K.Bunn, R. I. M. Dunbar, and P.M. Headley, "Observations on Baboons, Papioanubis, in an Arid Region in Ethiopia," Folia Primatologica 15 (1971): 1-35. Fission-fusion dynamics were then discovered in chimpanzees, apes, elephants, dolphins, and whales. Most important, fission-fusion dynamics were discovered among human beings. The result? A renaissance in the use of the concept from 2004 onward, complete with a conference dedicated solely to "Fission-Fusion Societies and Cognitive Evolution" in Siena, Italy, August 28-30, 2004. F. Aureli et al., "Fission-Fusion Dynamics: New Research Frameworks," Current Anthropology 49, no. 4 (August 2008): 627-54; Janet Mann, Richard C. Connor, Peter L. Tyack, and Hal Whitehead, Cetacean Societies, Field Studies of Dolphins and Whales (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
VIDEO: But fission-fusion isn't just for land and sea animals - here is an excellent example of the strategy as employed by the European Starling
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Michael Patrick Ghiglieri, The Chimpanzees of Kibale Forest: A Field Study of Ecology and Social Structure (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984); Russell Tuttle, Apes of the World: Their Social Behavior, Communication, Mentality, and Ecology (Norwich, NY: William Andrew, 1985), p. 115.
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Primate species that use the fission-fusion search strategy include the chimp, bonobo, the spider monkey, the red colobus, the gelada baboon, and the Hamadryas baboon. Ghiglieri, The Chimpanzees of Kibale Forest; Dorothy L. Cheney and Robert M. Seyfarth, Baboon Metaphysics: The Evolution of a Social Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), pp.278-79; Christophe Boesch and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann, The Chimpanzees of the Tai Forest: Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), pp. 263-66; Margaret Power, The Egalitarians—Human and Chimpanzee: An Anthropological View of Social Organization (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 128-31; Stuart A. Altmann, "The Structure of Primate Social Communication," in Social Communication Among Primates, ed. Stuart A. Altman (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), pp. 325-62.
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Tuttle, Apes of the World, p. 115.
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Christof Koch, The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach (Greenwood Village, CO: Roberts and Co., 2004), p. 63.
VIDEO: Here is a pink-haired Christof Koch talking themes about the brain's consciousness mechanisms with a little help from Francis Crick via video time warp.
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The visual cortexes in the brain are labeled V1 through V5. But those are not the only centers involved in "seeing." Other cerebral participants in the process include the lateral geniculate nucleus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the pretectum, the superior colliculus, and the pulvinar. See Bruno Dubuc, "The Brain from Top to Bottom," English trans. Al Daigen, Canadian Institute of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Addiction, Canadian Institute of Health Research, http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/flash/a/a_02/a_02_cr/a_02_cr_vis/a_02_cr_vis.html (accessed January 8, 2009); also see P. Dupont, G. A. Orban, B. De Bruyn, A. Verbruggen, and L. Mortelmans, "Many Areas in the Human Brain Respond to Visual Motion," Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 3 (1994): 1420-24.
VIDEO: Interested in a basic primer on visual fission-fusion? Look at this break down on the various regions that give the illusion of a single composite image of the outside world.
Click the visual for everything McGill can throw at you about the visual system and the brain
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Some clams are hermaphrodites. They're male and female simultaneously. But most clams settle into just one sex, male or female.
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L. J. Davenport, "Sex and the Single Freshwater Mussel," Alabama Heritage, Spring 2006.
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Mobile clam larvae are called veligers.
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S. M. Bower and J. Blackbourn, "Geoduck Clam (Panopeaabrupta): Anatomy, Histology, Development, Pathology, Parasites and Symbionts: Developmental Stages of the Geoduck Clam," Fisheries and Oceans Canada Science, May 2003, http://www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/geoduck/develop_e.htm (accessed January 10, 2009).
Chapter: 13
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Thomas D. Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive: The Social Physiology of Honey Bee Colonies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995); Thomas D. Seeley, Honeybee Ecology: A Study of Adaptation in Social Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985); Thomas D. Seeley and Royce A. Levien, "A Colony of Mind: The Beehive as Thinking Machine," Sciences, July/August 1987, pp. 38-42; E. O. Wilson, The Insect Societies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
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Seeley and Levien, "A Colony of Mind."
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A six-kilometer trip to a flower patch takes one bee fifteen minutes. A hive of 30,000 bees has 10,000 foragers. And yanking the pollen and nectar from a single flower patch takes many trips. So just one trip by all the foragers takes an investment of 2,500 bee-hours. For the raw figures, see Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive, p. 46.
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According to the American National Honey Board, a single pound of honey is the fruit of 55,000 miles of bee-flight. Using that figure, if a hive made forty kg of honey per year, the total cost of that honey in bee-flight mileage would be 4,840,000 miles—close to 5 million miles. National Honey Board, cited at University of Minnesota's 4-H Camping Program Web site, www.fourh.umn.edu/Programs/camping/bug_camp/trivia.html. See also Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive, pp. 36-51.
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Gro V. Amdam, Angela Csondes, M. Kim Fondrkand, and Robert E.Page Jr., "Complex Social Behaviour Derived from Maternal Reproductive Traits," Nature (January 5, 2006): 76-78; Michael Price, "Social Beehavior," ASU Research, Arizona State University, http://researchmag.asu.edu/stories/socialbees.html (accessed April 3, 2008).
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Christof Koch, The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach (Greenwood Village, CO: Roberts and Co., 2004), p. 63.
Think animal culture is anthroporphism? Click the tool using chimp to think again
Chapter: 14
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Karl von Frisch, Bees: Their Vision, Chemical Senses, and Language (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1950), p. 50. Some of us humans use linden flowers to make a soothing tea. Volker Schulz, Rudolf Hänsel, Mark Blumenthal, and V. E. Tyler, Rational Phytotherapy: A Reference Guide for Physicians and Pharmacists, trans. T. C. Telger (New York: Springer, 2004),p. 193. Von Frisch calls a bee's carrying pouches pollen baskets. In reality, the hip pouches are specialized carrying hairs. See von Frisch, Bees, p. 70.
Thomas D. Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive: The Social Physiology of Honey Bee Colonies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp.223-24.
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Ibid., p. 122.
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Neil Greenberg, James A. Carr, and Cliff H. Summers, "Ethological Causes and Consequences of the Stress Response," Integrative & Comparative Biology 42, no. 3 (2002): 508-16; Neil Greenberg, "Sociality, Stress, and the Corpus Striatum of the Green Anolis Lizard," Physiology & Behavior 79,no. 3 (2003): 429-40. Neil Greenberg, "Review of The Executive Brain:Frontal Lobes and the Civilized Mind by Elkhonon Goldberg," Human Nature Review 3 (2003): 422-31; Neil Greenberg, "Review of Up from Dragons: The Evolution of Human Intelligence by John R. Skoyles and Dorion Sagan," Human Nature Review 3 (2003): 142-48; personal communication with Neil Greenberg, March 30, 2008.
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E. O. Wilson, The Insect Societies (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 265.
Bees use dew, streams, wet rocks on a lake shore, and puddles for their supplies of water. Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive, pp. 40, 231.
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In his Nobel Prize lecture, Karl von Frisch calls the dances of bees "advertising" and "promotional messages." Von Frisch, "Decoding the Language of the Bee," pp. 78, 82. And Seeley says, "Each employed forager advertises her work site with waggle dances." Seeley, "Thomas D. Seeley Research Interests."
Click the picture for video of a bees waggle dance
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Karl von Frisch, The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees, trans. Leigh E. Chadwick (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard UniversityPress, 1967).
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Mandyan V. Srinivasan, Shaowu Zhang, Monika Altwein, and Jurgen Tautz, "Honeybee Navigation: Nature and Calibration of the Odometer," Science (February 4, 2000): 851-53; Harald E. Esch, Shaowu Zhang, Mandyan V. Srinivasan, and Jürgen Tautz, "Honeybee Dances Communicate Distances Measured by Optic Flow," Nature (May 31, 2001): 581-83.
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New York Times science writer Natalie Angier describes the size of a bee's brain as no larger than the loop of a letter b on this page. Natalie Angier, "Honeybee Shows a Little Gene Activity Goes Miles and Miles," New York Times, May 7, 2002.
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E. O. Wilson says the underlying math that allows a scout bee to remember her winding path, to derive the precise location of her find, then to calculate a straight path—a bee-line—back to her hive, is a "feat—which in our case would require a compass, a stopwatch, and integral vector calculus." Wilson, The Insect Societies, p. 216.
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To try a bit of dynamic geometry, see "The Geometer's Sketchpad Resource Center," dynamicgeometry.com (accessed March 3, 2009).
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Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive, p. 90.
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Von Frisch, Bees: Their Vision, Chemical Senses, and Language, pp. 27-28, 60-61. For a diagram of the honey stomach, see Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive, p. 25.
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Karl von Frisch calls this contagion of enthusiasm "excitement" and "arousal." Von Frisch, Bees: Their Vision, Chemical Senses, and Language, pp. 56, 61.
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Seeley also says that when you, a forager bee, finally fix your attention on a winning dancer, your level of "arousal" and "enthusiasm" skyrocket. Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive, p. 126.
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Seeley says that a colony "optimizes" its "energy collection" with remarkable efficiency. Seeley, "Thomas D. Seeley Research Interests, "http://www.nbb.cornell.edu/Faculty/seeley/research2.html (accessed April 15, 2008).
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Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive, pp. 226-25.
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Seeley calls the hive a "large, diffuse, amoeboid entity which can extend itself over great distances and in multiple directions simultaneously to tap the flower patches in the surrounding environment" with an "impressive search ability." Seeley, "Thomas D. Seeley Research Interests," http://www.nbb.cornell.edu/Faculty/seeley/research2.html. (accessed April 15, 2008).
VIDEO: Discovery News Top 5 Superorganisms, including the bee "entity" Seeley describes above, and "you," a human being, at number one. Not mentioned? Human society; arguably one of the neatest superorganisms ever to exist.
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See ibid. and Seeley, The Wisdom of the Hive, p. 50.
Chapter: 15
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The research I'm about to cite does not come from Deborah Gordon, but many of the details on harvester ants do. For Gordon's overview of search strategies, communication, organization, and nonstop repurposing in the societies of ants, see Deborah M. Gordon, Ants at Work: How an Insect Society Is Organized (New York: Norton, 2000); Deborah M. Gordon, "The Regulation of Foraging Activity in Red Harvester Ant Colonies," American Naturalist 159 (2002): 509-18; Deborah M. Gordon, "Control without Hierarchy: Understanding How Particular Natural Systems Operate without Central Control Will Reveal Whether Such Systems Share General Properties," Gordon Lab Home Page, Stanford University, http://www.stanford.edu/~dmgordon/Gordon2007_Nature_Essay.pdf (accessed January 10,2009); Deborah M. Gordon, "Networking Ants," Natural History 106, no.7 (September 1997); Nathan Sanders and Deborah M. Gordon, "Resource-Dependent Interactions and the Organization of Desert Ant Communities," Ecology (April 2003): 1024-32. See also Rodrigo Cogni and Paulo S. Oliveira, "Recruitment Behavior during Foraging in the Neotropical Ant Gnamptogenys moelleri (Formicidae: Ponerinae): Does the Type of Food Matter?" Journal of Insect Behavior (July 2004); Bert Hölldobler and Edward O. Wilson, The Superorganism: The Beauty, Elegance, and Strangeness of Insect Societies (New York: Norton, 2008): 183-239; Edward O.Wilson, Sociobiology: The Abridged Edition (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980); Douglas Foster, "An Ant's Life," APF Reporter 19, no. 4, Alicia Patterson Foundation, http://www.aliciapatterson.org/APF1904/Foster/Foster.html (accessed January 10, 2009); Mitchell Leslie, "Life in the Colonies," Stanford Magazine, http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~zkhan/popscience/ants.html (accessed January 10, 2009); Kitty Lanthrop and Bernadette Valdellon, "Argentine Ants," Insecta Inspecta World, http://www.insecta-inspecta.com/ants/argentine/index.html (accessed January 10, 2009); Evan Pellegrino, "Ants Don't Have to Be Specialists to Benefit Colony, UA Study Finds," Arizona Daily Star, December 1, 2008, http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/269584 (accessed January 10, 2009). For ant architecture and agriculture— digging tunnels, building buttresses, and even raising their own grain— see this nineteenth-century source: Charles Anderson Dana, "Ant," in The American Cyclopaedia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge, ed. Thomas Jefferson Conant and Blandina Conant (New York: Appleton, 1873), p. 54.
VIDEO: Wanna see what an ant superorganism can create right under your feet? Check out this hive mind creation; a megalopolis that took ten tons of cement to fill before it could be excavated.
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Michael J. Greene and Deborah M. Gordon, "Cuticular Hydrocarbons Inform Task Decisions," Nature (May 2003): 32; Jay W. Sharp, "HarvesterAnts," Desert USA, July 10, 2007, http://www.desertusa.com/mag07/jul07/ant.html (accessed January 11, 2009).
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The males of the colony do no work. In the words of Mitchell Leslie, who interviewed Gordon for Stanford University's Stanford Magazine, "The males are nothing more than sperm-delivering missiles: they cannot feed themselves, and they die right after mating." Leslie, "Life in the Colonies."
Click for ants galore
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This ant pattern is called circular column milling. John Field, Language and the Mind (London: Routledge, 2005), pp. 103-105.
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Anna Dornhaus at the University of Arizona has demonstrated that only 10 percent of the ants in a colony do the heavy lifting. Ninety percent hang around in the tunnels and relax. See Pellegrino, "Ants Don't Have to Be Specialists to Benefit Colony, UA Study Finds."
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Ants on their own do not cycle through periods of excitability and rest like those of the human boom-bust cycle. But in groups ants do cycle through an analog of boom and bust. And the larger the group, the more regular the cycle. See Blain J. Cole, "Short-Term Activity Cycles in Ants: Generation of Periodicity by Worker Interaction," American Naturalist (February 1991) 244-59.
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Ryohei Yamaoka, "The Communication and Community of Ants," http://www.natureinterface.com/e/ni06/P058-061/ (accessed January 11, 2009); William Morton Wheeler, "A New Case of Parabiosis and the 'Ant Gardens' of British Guiana," Ecology 2, no. 2 (April 1921): 89-103; William Morton Wheeler, "A Study of Some Texan Ponerinae," Biological Bulletin 2 (October 1900): 13; William Morton Wheeler, "The Compound and Mixed Nests of American Ants," reprinted from American Naturalist 35, nos. 414, 415, 417, and 418 (1901), http://www.archive.org/stream/ants_10488/ants_10488_djvu.txt (accessed January 12, 2009).
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The ant has two stomachs, one to fuel its own metabolism and another to feed other ants. A few sources, a very few, call the trophylaxisstomach a "public stomach." E. O. Wilson and Bert Hö lldobler call it a "social stomach." Walter Reinhart Tschinkel, The Fire Ants (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006), p. 332; Bert Hö lldobler and E. O.Wilson, Journey to the Ants: A Story of Scientific Exploration (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1994), p. 52; Andrew Barto, Neil Bhatt, Jason Clarke et al., "Argentine Ants," Insecta Inspecta World (June 1, 2004), http://www.insecta-inspecta.com/ants/argentine/index.html (accessed January 13, 2009).
Click for ant goodness
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Susan Goldberg, Roy Muir, and John Kerr, Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 47-61; Klaus E. Grossmann, Karin Grossmann, and Everett Waters, Attachment from Infancy to Adulthood: The Major Longitudinal Studies (New York: Guilford Press, 2005), p. 100; Robert Karen, Becoming Attached: First Relationships and How They Shape Our Capacity to Love (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 148; "Attachment—Mary Dinsmore Salter Ainsworth and the Strange Situation," Social Issues Reference, http://social.jrank.org/pages/47/Attachment-Mary-Dinsmore-Salter-Ainswor... (accessed January 12, 2009); IngeBretherton, "Mary Ainsworth: Insightful Observer and Courageous Theoretician," to appear in Portraits of Pioneers in Psychology, vol. 5, ed. G. A. Kimble, C. White, and M. Wertheimer (Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 2006), http://www.psychology.sunysb.edu/attachment/pdf/mda_inge.pdf (accessed January 12, 2009); Elizabeth D. Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course (Beverly Hills: Sage, 2007), p. 119.
VIDEO: Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation Experiment
Chapter: 16
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William Shakespeare, Othello: Complete and Unabridged, ed. Cedric Watts (Ware, Hertfordshire, England: Wordsworth Editions, 1992); Emrys Jones, "'Othello,' 'Lepanto' and the Cyprus Wars," in Shakespeare Survey: An Annual Survey of Shakespearian Study & Production, ed. Kenneth Muir (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 47-52; Hugh Bicheno, Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571 (New York: Sterling, 2005).
VIDEO: Lawrence Fishburne delivers Othello's final speech poignantly in Oliver Parker's 1995 film version.
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Ned B. Allen, "The Two Parts of Othello," in Shakespeare Survey: An Annual Survey of Shakespearian Study & Production, ed. Kenneth Muir (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 14.
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Charles Mackay, Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds (1841; Petersfield, Hampshire, England: Harriman House, 2003).
Chapter: 17
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108
Eleanor Goltz Huzar, Mark Antony: A Biography (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1978), p. 207.
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Mary Taliaferro Boatwright, Daniel J. Gargola, Richard J. A. Talbert, The Romans: From Village to Empire (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 304.
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Mark Antony married Cleopatra despite the fact he was still married to a Roman wife. He also declared that he would be buried in Alexandria. These acts spooked the citizens of Rome, who could see that Antony's interests were shifting east, shifting in a way that threatened their primacy. Huzar, Mark Antony, p. 208. Octavian took advantage of the Romans' suspicions to turn them against Antony—not an easy task, since Mark Antony was extremely popular.
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Roman plunder was so rich in the days of Augustus that he was able to mint in the neighborhood of a billion denarii from the spoils taken in Spain, Illyricum, and Egypt. Kenneth W. Harl, Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 78.
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Craige Brian Champion, Roman Imperialism: Readings and Sources (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), p. 34.
Click the cover to peruse it on google.books
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A. E. Astin, F. W. Walbank, and M. W. Frederiksen, Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 41; C. Nicolet, "Economy and Society, 133-43 B.C.," in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume V: The Fifth Century B.C., ed. John Bagnell Bury et al. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 624.
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Like railroads, Rome's industrial farming on latifundia grew steadily from roughly 100 BCE until 100 CE. The Kondratiev wave model would predict that these massive farms would produce a depression by peaking and declining. But latifundia were nowhere near their peak in Augustus's time. See Pliny, Natural History 18. 35, in Kathryn Lomas, Roman Italy, 338B.C.-AD 200: A Sourcebook (London: Routledge, 1996), pp. 148-49.
Click the latifundia for the Encyclopedia Britannica link on the matter
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Ernle Dusgate Selby Bradford, Hannibal (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981).
VIDEO: In case you missed it the first time, biomedical animator Drew Barry's vision of apoptosis, is absolutely worth a look.
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Though science writers have often called DNA a blueprint, it's not. It contains no "picture" of the final product. It's more like an incredibly intricate computer program.
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Thomas N. Habinek, The World of Roman Song: From Ritualized Speech to Social Order (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p.176.
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Cornelius Tacitus, Annals of Tacitus, trans. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb (New York: Macmillan, 1906), p. 23.
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Richard Duncan-Jones, Money and Government in the Roman Empire (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 11.
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William Smith, "Augustus," in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology (London: J. Murray, 1880), pp. 420-30; Pat Southern, Augustus (London: Routledge, 1998), pp. 79-89; Plinio Prioreschi, A History of Medicine (Omaha: Horatius Press, 1995), pp. 12-13.
Click the bust for Octavian/Augustus's Lucidcafe.com bio and links
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Here's how things had looked just four years earlier, in 40 BC Eduring a lull in the civil wars that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar: "Towns, and Rome in particular, were thronged by ruined farmers, bankrupt merchants, artisans and freedmen without work . . . to these were added the learned freedmen . . . reduced to living upon the savings they had made in happier times. . . . Finally, everyone was suffering from the scarcity of money and the general depreciation of all securities. Those even who enlisted and were able to serve the triumvirs were often ill satisfied, and those who had been able to seize fields or houses during the revolutions had no money; expensive luxuries were therefore out of the question." In other words, economic downturns in ancient Rome were much like they are in modern depressions. The quote comes from Guglielmo Ferrero, The Greatness and Decline of Rome, trans. Alfred Eckhard Zimmern and Henry John Chaytor (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1910), p. 262.
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Peter Levi, Horace: A Life (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 62.
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Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. Henry Hart Milman (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1850), pp. 189-91.
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Colin Adams and Ray Laurence, Travel and Geography in the Roman Empire (London: Routledge, 2001), p. 53; Bruce Bartlett, "How Excessive Government Killed Ancient Rome," Cato Journal 14, no. 2 (Fall 1994).
IMAGES: Various representations and times of trans-continental Roman rule
Click the map to buy it
Click the map to buy it
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William Warde Fowler, The Religious Experience of the Roman People, from the Earliest Times to the Age of Augustus: The Gifford Lectures for 1909-10 (London: MacMillan, 1922), p. 428; Linda Stone, Kinship and Gender (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000), p. 220.
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Some land in the American West sold for as little as twelve and a half cents an acre. James West Davidson, William E. Gienapp, and Christine Leigh Heyrman, Nation of Nations: A Narrative History of the American Republic (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998), p. 320; Willard Wesley Cochrane, The Development of American Agriculture: A Historical Analysis (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), pp. 59-60; "Farmland Market on Rise in Area," Bowling Green Daily News, August 12, 2008.
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Emerson Willard Keyes, A History of Savings Banks in the United States from Their Inception in 1816 down to 1874: With Discussions of Their Theory, Practical Workings and Incidents, Present Condition and Prospective Development (New York: Bradford Rhodes, 1878); H. OliverHorne, A History of Savings Banks (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947). 22. "During the toll assessment period, the Erie produced revenue totaling $121,000,000. The total cost of the canal to 1883, including maintenance and repairs was $78,000,000, leaving a favorable balance on the books of the state treasury of some $42,000,000." "Chapter 1—History of the Canal," State of New York Report of the Joint Legislative Committee on The Barge Canal, Legislative Document 1961, March 21, 1961, in Morris Pierce, History of the Erie Canal, Department of History, University of Rochester, http://www.history.rochester.edu/canal/bib/nys1961/historyc.htm (accessed January 17, 2009).
Canal building was as exploratory a venture in its early days as was early railroad building. The Erie Canal was the most successful of the American waterways constructed in the canal-building era. Some others were apparently water courses to nowhere and turned out to be poor investments. William L. Barney, A Companion to 19th-Century America (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 131.
VIDEO: Yeah, but canals are a thing of the past, right? There's nothing new in the world of canals, right? Check out Scotland's response: The Falkirk Wheel; a massive rotating arm that scoops a boat out of the water (thanks to an automatically counterbalancing caisson and Archimedes displacement principle) to throw it up and onto an aqueduct where it slides down the span between the Union Canal and the Clyde and Forth Canal.
Click the Falkirk Wheel for a very nice break-down (and plenty of pics) at Quazen
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According to the Virginia Federal Writers Project, "In 1831 . . . there were little more than 100 miles of railroad completed in the United States." By the Civil War there were 1,290 miles of track, a spread that seemed gargantuan. And both sides fought to control this prize. But by 1885, Virginia alone had thirty-two railroad companies and 2,430 miles of track. Just one state had twice as much railroad track as the entire nation had had just twenty years earlier. Virginia Federal Writers Project, Virginia: A Guide to the Old Dominion (Murrieta, CA: US History Publishers, 1952), pp. 94-95.
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According to John Newell Tilden, in 1875 the world had 185,000 miles of railway line. By 1895, that figure had ballooned to 406,000 miles. An increase of over 200,000 miles in a mere twenty years. See John Newell Tilden, A Commercial Geography for Academies, High Schools, and Business Colleges (New York: Thomas R. Shewell, 1900), p. 40.
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David Prerau, Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time (New York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2006), p.34; Peter Mathias and M. M. Postan, Cambridge Economic History of Europe: The Industrial Economies: Capital, Labour and Enterprise, the United States, Japan and Russia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Archive,1983), p. 88.
Blue - daylight savings (DST) used; Orange - DST no longer used; Red - DST never used
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John Steele Gordon, An Empire of Wealth: The Epic History of American Economic Power (New York: Harper Collins, 2004), pp. 235-36.29. Amy Glasmeier, Manufacturing Time: Global Competition in the Watch Industry, 1795-2000 (New York: Guilford Press, 2000), pp. 107-108.
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Stuart Berg Flexner, Listening to America: An Illustrated History of Words and Phrases from Our Lively and Splendid Past (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), p. 16.
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John Steele Gordon points out that just one state, Illinois, had twenty-seven time zones and Wisconsin had thirty-eight. When the government dithered over standardization, the railroad companies stepped in. Yes, it was the railroad companies that divided the nation into four time zones in 1883. And it was the railroad companies that established North American standard time. Gordon, An Empire of Wealth, pp. 235-36.
Click the world time zone map to read how we went from the Railroad's intervention of 1883 to world time zones a year later
Click the early railroad map for the Library of Congress American Memory project and an extensive breakdown of Today in History: November 18th, 1883; the great switch
Abraham Seldin Eisenstadt, Carnegie's Model Republic: Triumphant Democracy and the British-American Relationship (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2007), p. 22.
Chapter: 18
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Until 1852, the etymologies in the Oxford English Dictionary suggest that the word nation was used for a single race that had shared a land from time immemorial. That began to change in 1822 when a new phrase entered the English language: nation-making. The idea that a nation could be fashioned voluntarily, not just born haphazardly, was new. Oxford English Dictionary CD-ROM, 2nd ed., additions and new ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). It appears that even in the view of the Founding Fathers of the United States, a nation was a people with a common heritage and a common hereditary territory. For example, in the Federalist Papers, no. 26, Alexander Hamilton refers to "those habits of thinking which we derive from the nation from whom the inhabitants of these States have in general sprung.. . . England." Lincoln's idea of a nation dedicated to a concept, no matter what the "derivation" of its people, was a new notion, one for which Lincoln was the great articulator. See Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, The Federalist Papers (New York: J. and A. McLean, 1788).
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Abraham Lincoln, "The First Inaugural Address, March 4, 1861, "The Gettysburg Speech and Other Papers (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1899), pp. 43-44.
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The image of amputation is in ibid., "Letter to A. G. Hodges, April4, 1864," p. 75.
4
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Ibid., p. 37.
5
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Rufus Blanchard, The Northwest (Chicago: Cushing, Thomas, 1880), p. 352.
6
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Ibid.
7
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Rufus Blanchard, Discovery and Conquests of the North-West, with the History of Chicago (Wheaton, IL: R. Blanchard & Co., 1881), p. 340.
8
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Robin L. Einhorn, Property Rules: Political Economy in Chicago, 1833-1872 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. xviii.
9
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James William Putnam, The Illinois and Michigan Canal: A Study in Economic History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1918), p. 62.
William H. Stennett and Chicago and North Western Railway Company, Yesterday and Today: A History (New York: Press of Rand, McNally & Company, 1905), p. 33.
VIDEO: Watch the Midwest Environmental Law & Policy Center President try to convince you that railroad indeed has not peaked: behold, a vision of high-speed rail endorsed by President Obama as his number one transportation priority.
Click to look at the high-speed express trains that top out at an air-travel-rivaling 220 mph option
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Walter Bagehot, banker and editor of London's Economist magazine, is generally credited with introducing the concept of lender of last resort in his 1873 work on banking, Lombard Street. See Frank C. Genovese, "Bagehot, Walter (1826-1877)," in Business Cycles and Depressions: An Encyclopedia, ed. David Glasner and Thomas F. Cooley (London: Taylor & Francis, 1997), pp. 30-31; Angela Redish, "Lender of Last Resort Policies: From Bagehot to Bailout," University of British Columbia, October 2001, preliminary draft, http://www.econ.ubc.ca/redish/llr.pdf (accessed December 29, 2008).
Click the medieval lender of last resort for an interesting resource on the matter: investopedia.com
Robert P. Flood and Peter M. Garber, Speculative Bubbles, Speculative Attacks, and Policy Switching (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994), p. 35.
Chapter: 19
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Edward S. Rogers, New Guinea: Big Man Island (Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum, 1970), pp. 118, 130.
Click the Big Man for a massively comprehensive resource breaking down every country and culture on every possible axis - everyculture.com - and its New Guinea page
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New Guinean pork dishes can be cooked with bananas, sugar cane, and a spectrum of leafy vegetables. Rogers, New Guinea, p. 108. and the J. P. Morgan Blues
Chapter: 20
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Robert K. Merton, "The Matthew Effect in Science," Science, January 5, 1968, pp. 56-63.
Click on Merton to read his paper
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Possibility space is a term coined by the Santa Fe Institute's Stuart Kauffman. For the ways in which the term has been used since Kaufman original edit, see Eric D. Schneider and Dorion Sagan, Into the Cool: Energy Flow, Thermodynamics, and Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), p. 91; John Johnston, The Allure of Machinic Life: Cybernetics, Artificial Life, and the New AI (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), p. 226.
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E. Ray Canterbery, A Brief History of Economics: Artful Approachesto the Dismal Science (Singapore: World Scientific, 2001), p. 153.
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The accusation that Morgan was milking an entire continent and pouring its profits into his own pocketbook came from Congress's Pujo Committee, which hauled Morgan in to testify in October 1912. Michael Burgan, J. Pierpont Morgan: Industrialist and Financier (Mankato, MN: Compass Point Books, 2006), p. 92; Ron Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (New York: Grove Press, 2001), p. 150; James Grant, Money of the Mind: Borrowing and Lending in America from the Civil War to Michael Milken (New York: Macmillan, 1994), pp. 132-33; William B. McCash and June Hall McCash, The Jekyll Island Club: Southern Haven for America's Millionaires (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989), p. 127.
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Thomas S. Ulen, "The Market for Regulation: The ICC from 1887 to1920," American Economic Review 70, no. 2 (May 1980): 306-10; "Interstate Commerce Act (1887)," http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=49 (accessed January 16, 2009).
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"Think of it—all the competing traffic of the roads west of Chicago and Saint Louis placed in the control of 30 men!" said Morgan to one of the many reporters staked out at his Manhattan home to see who attended what a New York Herald headline called a meeting to establish "A Gigantic Trust." Chernow, The House of Morgan, pp. 56-57; "Railroads in the United States in 1889," Science 14, no. 342 (August 23, 1889): 124; Eric J.Morse, "Grassroots Rebels: Municipal Power and Railroad Regulation in La Crosse, Wisconsin, 1883-1900," Business History Conference Publications, http://www.h-net.org/~business/bhcweb/publications/BEHonline/2005/morser... (accessed January 16, 2009).
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Charles R. Morris, The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D.Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy (New York: Macmillan, 2006), p. 235; "Francis H. Peabody Dead," New York Times, September 23, 1905.
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Edwin Palmer Hoyt, The House of Morgan (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1966), pp. 29-35; Morgan Library & Museum, "Pierpont Morgan: Banker," http://www.themorgan.org/about/historyMore.asp?id=1 (accessed January16, 2009).
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Morgan was known as Pierpont to his friends, but something far more intimate to his schoolmates—"Pip." Samuel E. Moffett, "John Pierpont Morgan," Pall Mall Magazine, January-April 1903, p. 178.
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Chernow, The House of Morgan, p. 22.
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Stanley Jackson, J. P. Morgan: A Biography (New York: Stein and Day, 1983), p. 84.
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K. R. Howe, Robert C. Kiste, and Brij V. Lal, Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1994), p. 17.
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Cynthia Clark Northrup calls "J. P. Morgan, the wealthiest banker in the United States," in The American Economy: A Historical Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2003), p. 222.
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The Europeans had lost their faith in the US government. But they had retained their faith in J. P. Morgan. Robert Sobel, Panic on Wall Street: A History of America's Financial Disasters (Frederick, MD: Beard Books,1999), pp. 263-63, 278; Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Re-interpretation of American History, 1900-1916 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1977), p. 142; Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), pp. 111-12.
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Paul Bairoch, Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), pp. 42-46.
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Wesley Clair Mitchell, Business Cycles (Manchester, NH: Ayer, 1970), pp. 51-60.
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"Negotiations in Big Steel Deal Continue: Purchase of Carnegie Holdings May Be Concluded at Any Time," New York Times, February 8, 1901; Abraham Berglund, "The United States Steel Corporation: A Study of the Growth and Influence of Combination in the Iron and Steel Industry," PhD thesis, Columbia University, 1907, pp. 70-71; "History of US Steel," http://www.ussteel.com/corp/company/profile/history.asp (accessed January 16, 2009).
Robert F. Bruner and Sean D. Carr, The Panic of 1907: Lessons Learned from the Market's Perfect Storm (New York: Wiley, 2007), pp.74-98.
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In 1907, panic hit Europe, Asia, and Africa. Alexander Dana Noyes, Forty Years of American Finance: A Short Financial History of the Government and People of the United States since the Civil War, 1865-1907 (London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1909), p. 362.
Chapter: 21
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Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire—Volume I: 180 A.D.-395 A.D. (New York: Modern Library, n.d.); Paul Veyne, ed., A History of Private Life: I—From Pagan Rome to Byzantium (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1987): pp. 143, 154; Justine Davis Randers-Pehrson, Barbarians and Romans (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1983); Albert A. Trever, History of Ancient Civilization—Volume II: The Roman World (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1939); Daniel J. Boorstin, "Our Cultural Hypochondria and How to Cure It," in Genius of American Politics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953), pp. 161-89.
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Dennis M. Welch, "Blake, the Famine of 1795, and the Economics of Vision," European Romantic Review (December 2007): 597-622.
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Charles Aimé Dauban, Paris en 1794 et en 1795: Histoire de la Rue, Du Club, de la Famine (Paris: Henri Plon, 1869).
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Victor George, Social Security and Society (London: Routledge &Kegan Paul, 1973), p. 10. The new system, "The Speenhamland system was an amendment to the old Poor Law or Elizabethan Poor Law." See Marjie Bloy, "The Speenhamland System," November 2002, http://www.victorianweb.org/history/poorlaw/speen.html (accessed December 26, 2008).
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Gerald Newman and Leslie Ellen Brown, Britain in the Hanoverian Age, 1714-1837: An Encyclopedia (London: Taylor & Francis, 1997), p.151.
Joseph Haydn and Benjamin Vincent, Haydn's Dictionary of Dates and Universal Information Relating to All Ages and Nations, 23rd ed. (London: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1904), p. 461; Leslie A. Clarkson and E. Margaret Crawford, Feast and Famine: Food and Nutrition in Ireland, 1500-1920 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 131.
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Shih-Rung Yeh, Barbara E. Musolf, and Donald H. Edwards, "Neuronal Adaptations to Changes in the Social Dominance Status of Crayfish,"Journal of Neuroscience (January 15, 1997): 697-708; D. L. Glanzman and F. B. Krasne, "Serotonin and Octopamine Have Opposite Modulatory Effects on the Crayfish's Lateral Giant Escape Reaction," Journal of Neuroscience 3 (1983): 2263-69; Paul A. Moore and Daniel A. Bergman, "The Smell of Success and Failure: The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Chemical Signals on the Social Behavior of Crayfish," Integrative and Comparative Biology 45, no. 4 (2005): 650-57; Jens Herberholz, Fadi A. Issa, and Donald H. Edwards,"Patterns of Neural Circuit Activation and Behavior during Dominance Hierarchy Formation in Freely Behaving Crayfish," Journal of Neuroscience 51 (April 15, 2001): 2759-67; Marcia Barinaga, "Neurobiology: Social Status Sculpts Activity of Crayfish Neurons," Science (January 19, 1996): 290-91.
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Gerald P. Schatten, Current Topics in Developmental Biology (New York: Academic Press, 2006), pp. 177-202; Elena Tricarico and Francesca Gherardi, "Biogenic Amines Influence Aggressiveness in Crayfish but Not Their Force or Hierarchical Rank," Animal Behaviour (December 2007): 1715-24.
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Donald H. Edwards, Shih-Rung Yeh, Barbara E. Musolf, Brian L. Antonsen, and Franklin B. Krasne, "Metamodulation of the Crayfish Escape Circuit," Brain, Behavior and Evolution 60, no. 6 (2002): 360-69.
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Randy Joe Nelson, Biology of Aggression (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 49.
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Yeh, Fricke, and Edwards, "The Effect of Social Experience on Serotonergic Modulation of the Escape Circuit of Crayfish."
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Valerius Geist, Life Strategies, Human Evolution, Environmental Design: Toward a Biological Theory of Health (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1978); Valerius Geist, personal communication, 1998-2008.
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Here's a sampling of the references used for this brief summary of the physiological effects of control and the role of stress hormones: Herbert M. Lefcourt, Locus of Control: Current Trends in Theory and Research (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1982), pp. 8, 18; William R. Miller, Robert A. Rosellini, and Martin E. P. Seligman, "Learned Helplessness and Depression," in Psychopathology: Experimental Models, ed. Jack D. Maser and Martin E. P. Seligman (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1977),pp. 104, 130; T. J. Shors, T. B. Seib, S. Levine, and R. F. Thompson,"Inescapable versus Escapable Shock Modulates Long-Term Potentiation in the Rat Hippocampus," Science (April 14, 1989): 224, 226; Jay M. Weiss, "Effects of Coping Behavior on Development of Gastrointestinal Lesions in Rats," Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association 2 (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1967), pp. 135-36; Jay M. Weiss, "Effects of Coping Responses on Stress," Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology 65, no. 2 (1968): 251-60; Jay M. Weiss, "Effects of Predictable and Unpredictable Shock on Development of Gastrointestinal Lesions in Rats," Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association 3 (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1968), pp. 263-64; Jay M. Weiss, "Effects of Coping Behavior in Different Warning Signal Conditions on Stress Pathology in Rats," Journal of Comparative & Physiological Psychology (October 1971): 1-13; J. M. Weiss, "Influence of Psychological Variables on Stress-Induced Pathology," Ciba Foundation Symposium 8 (1972): 253-65; Jon Franklin, Molecules of the Mind: The Brave New Science of Molecular Psychology (New York: Atheneum, 1987), p. 131; Leonard A. Sagan, "Family Ties: The Real Reason People Are Living Longer," Sciences (March/April 1988): 28; Robert M. Sapolsky, "Stress, Social Status, and Reproductive Physiology in Free-Living Baboons," in Psychobiology of Reproductive Behavior: An Evolutionary Perspective, ed. David Crews (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1987); Robert M. Sapolsky, "Stress in the Wild," Scientific American, January 1990, pp. 116-23; Robert M. Sapolsky, Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers: An Updated Guide to Stress, Stress-Related Diseases, and Coping (New York: W. H. Freeman, 1998); Robert I. Scheinman, Patricia C. Cogswell, Alan K. Lofquist, and Albert S. Baldwin Jr., "Role of Transcriptional Activation of IκBΨ in Mediation of Immunosuppression by Glucocorticoids,"Science (October 13, 1995): 283-86; R. Rupprecht, N. Wodarz, J. Kornhuber, B. Schmitz, K. Wild, H. U. Braner, O. A. Müller, and P. Riederer, "In Vivo and In Vitro Effects of Glucocorticoids on Lymphocyte Proliferation in Man: Relationship to Glucocorticoid Receptors," Neuropsychobiology 24, no. 2 (1990/1991): 61-66; Neil Greenberg, "Behavioral Endocrinology of Physiological Stress in a Lizard," Journal of Experimental Zoology 4 (1990): S170-S173; Robert M. Sapolsky, "Lessons of the Serengeti," Sciences (May/June 1988): 42.
Clicking this picture will take you to a google.books link: Learned Helplessness: A Theory for the Age of Personal Control, and a search for 'control' within it. It will take you past a fascinating and exhaustive storehouse of research into a stratosphere of cultural and social implications - highly recommended
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Michael E. Thase, "Molecules That Mediate Mood," New England Journal of Medicine (December 6, 2007): 2400-2402.
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Jay M. Weiss, "Somatic Effects of Predictable and Unpredictable Shock," Psychosomatic Medicine 32 (1970): 397-408.
Click on the Milgram experiment, where people predictably did the shocking, to link to Weiss's article
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Denise Schmandt Besserat, "Oneness, Twoness, Threeness: How Ancient Accountants Invented Numbers," Sciences (July/August 1987).
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Bread made from barley was the norm in ancient Greece. But white bread made from wheat was a prized luxury. Otto Thomas Solbrig and Dorothy J. Solbrig, So Shall You Reap: Farming and Crops in Human Affairs (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1996), p. 112.
Click the ancient oven for more at breadinfo.com
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The Free Banking Act required that banks had enough high-grade bonds and mortgages on deposit with the state to cover the redemption of any banknotes they issued. The "high-grade bonds" were usually state bonds. In other words, the state effectively guaranteed the bank's notes. Here's how. Imagine that you walk into a bank in 1839 with one of that bank's ten-dollar notes and demand ten dollars in gold. If the bank can't cough up the gold on the spot, the state government will give you your ten dollars in gold. How? If worse comes to worst, it will sell ten dollars' worth of the bonds and mortgages the bank has deposited. In other words, the state has stepped in to be the ultimate guarantor of banknotes. This innovation helped pave the way for a national note—a "legal tender note"—the greenback, in 1862. David A. Moss, When All Else Fails: Government as the Ultimate Risk Manager (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), p. 108; Ray B. Westerfield, "Bases of Note Issue before the Civil War," in Banking Principles and Practice (New York: Ronald Press, 1928); John M. Dobson, Bulls, Bears, Boom, and Bust: A Historical Encyclopedia of American Business Concepts (Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2006), p. 79.
VIDEO: This video should convey why this particular scaffold of habit - and the culture built around it - is so successful: ubiquity. And as the link beyond the picture will explain, this particular scaffold is ingenious for weaving the cultural fabric around an act of 'synchrony:' acts of mass behavior that create group identity and group consciousness that don't work in the abstract so much as they push and pull at your brain.
Click the picture to find out how mass behavior can make who you think you are fall away
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One of Pakistan's key political parties, its oldest "fundamentalist" Islamic religious party, is named the Jamaat-e-Islami. "Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan," http://www.jamaat.org/ (accessed January 18, 2009). India and Bangladesh also have Jamaat-e-Islami political organizations. Says globalsecurity.org of Pakistan's Jamaat-e-Islami, "The JI ranks among the leading and most influential Islamic revivalist movements and the first of its kind to develop an ideology based on the modern revolutionary conception of Islam in the contemporary world." http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/ji.htmll (accessed January 18, 2009).
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Office of the Spokesman, US Department of State, "Addition of Aliases Jamaat-Ud-Dawa and Idara Khidmat-E-Khalq to the Specially Designated Global Terrorist Designation of Lashkhar-E-Tayyiba," April 28, 2006, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2006/65401.htm (accessed January 17,2009); "Jamaat-ud-Dawa," USA Today, October 31, 2008, http://content.usatoday.com/topics/topic/Jamaat-ud-Dawa (accessed January 18, 2009).
The USA Today link
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Dileep Padgaonkar, "Blood in Mumbai," Washington Post, November 28, 2008, p. A29.
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Hugh Bicheno, Crescent and Cross: The Battle of Lepanto 1571 (New York: Sterling, 2005), p. 43.
IMAGES: The battle of Lepanto seized the popular imagination with images of the West's decisive victory.
Alice H. Amsden, Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
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Walter Adams and James W. Brock, The Bigness Complex: Industry, Labor, and Government in the American Economy (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), pp. 275-76.
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Amsden, Asia's Next Giant, p. 291.
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Ibid., p. 304.
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William H. McNeill, Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997).
VIDEO: Here, witness the very moment of transition between one set of habits and the next-
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Stewart Clegg and David Dunkerley, Organization, Class and Control: An Insider's Guide to Politics (London: Taylor & Francis, 1980), p. 75.
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Michel Foucault had a similar concept to scaffolds of habit: "regimes of behavior." These regimes, he felt, were created and hammered home by the institutions of what Foucault called "a disciplinary society. "Among these institutions were the Catholic Church, insane asylums, prisons, and the military. Steven Seidman, Contested Knowledge: Social Theory Today (Oxford: Blackwell, 2004), p. 189; Rick Iedema, Discourses of Postbureaucratic Organization (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2003), p. 91.
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Tom Brokaw, The Greatest Generation (New York: Random House, 2004).
VIDEO: "Joseph's Coat" from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat
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John Snelson and Geoffrey Holden Block, Andrew Lloyd Webber (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2004); Andrew Lloyd Webber's thoughts on Jesus Christ Superstar, http://www.andrewlloydwebber.com/theatre/jcs.php (accessed January 19, 2009).
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Albert Van Helden and Elizabeth Burr, "Pope Urban VIII," Galileo Project, Rice University, http://galileo.rice.edu/gal/urban.html (accessed January19, 2009); James Reston, Galileo: A Life (Frederick, MD: Beard Books,2000), pp. 24, 25, 261; Maurice A. Finocchiaro, Retrying Galileo, 1633-1992 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), pp. 60-61; Albert Van Helden and Elizabeth Burr, "Galileo and the Inquisition," Galileo Project, Rice University, http://galileo.rice.edu/bio/narrative_7.html (accessed January19, 2009).
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Harry Wain, A History of Preventive Medicine (New York: Thomas, 1970), p. 116.
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Patrick Collard, The Development of Microbiology (Farnham Common, Buckinghamshire, England: Cambridge Archive Editions, 1976), p. 9.
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Mark Ridley, The Cooperative Gene: How Mendel's Demon Explains the Evolution of Complex Beings (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p.2; Herbert Wendt, The Sex Life of the Animals (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1965), p. 57.
Click the book cover for Mark Ridley breaking his book down to a NYTimes.com-length article
VIDEO: Feast yourself on the sights - but especially the sounds - of this film and it's beautiful soundtrack-
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James Baldwin, Go Tell It on the Mountain (1953; New York: Random House, 1985).
VIDEO: Sure it may be set to the music of Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On, but this video is also a great assemblage of the holy rollers doing what they do-
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Sonny Carson, "Koreans and Racism," New York Times, May 8, 1990; Tamar Jacoby, "Sonny Carson and the Politics of Protest," City Journal (Summer 1991). When accused of racism and anti-semitism, Carson reportedly said, "I'm anti-white—don't limit my anti's to one group of people." Unfortunately this did not explain the demonstrations Carson led against Korean green grocers with shops in the black community. "Thugs Don't Deserve Honors," New York Post, April 14, 2007; Mark Santora, "Sonny Carson, 66, Figure in 60's Battle for Schools," New York Times, December 23, 2002.
Chapter: 23
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George Lucas, Star Wars—Episode IV, A New Hope (1977).
VIDEO: The original trailer for Episode IV.
Chapter: 24
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Plato, The Republic, Library of the Future (R), 4th ed., ver. 5.0, CD-ROM, screen 121: 646.
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See, for example, Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987).
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Herodotus, History, Library of the Future (R), 4th ed., ver. 5.0, CD-ROM, screen 59: 1130.
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Plato, Theaetetus, Library of the Future, 4th ed., ver. 5.0; Will Durant, The Story of Civilization: Volume 2, The Life of Greece, ver. 4.0, CD-ROM (Irvine, CA: World Library, 1994), 147:1621.
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F. Diamandopoulos, "Thales of Miletus," in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, ed. Paul Edwards (New York: Macmillan, 1967): vols. 7 and 8; Aristotle, Heavens, Library of the Future, 4th ed., ver. 5.0; Aristotle, Metaphysics, Library of the Future, 4th ed., ver. 5.0.
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Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Richard Crawley, Library of the Future, 4th ed., ver. 5.0. (Irvine, CA: World Library, 1994); Xenophon, Memorabilia (Charleston: Biblio Bazaar, 2007); Durant, The Story of Civilization, p. 445.
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Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Steven Lattimore (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1998).
Click the Richard Crawley original translation for the ebook by Adelaide
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Plato, Charmides, in Library of the Future, 4th ed., ver. 5.0. (Irvine, CA: World Library, Inc., 1996).
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Plato, Cratylus, 402, in Plato, The Dialogues of Plato Translated into English with Analyses and Introductions by B. Jowett, Volume I (New York: Oxford University Press/MacMillan, 1892), p. 269.
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Plato, The Timaeus, and the Critias: Or Atlanticus, trans. Thomas Taylor (New York: Pantheon Books, 1944).
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S. Tebbich, M. Taborsky, et al., "Do Woodpecker Finches Acquire Tool-Use by Social Learning?" Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B (November 7, 2001): 2189; Susan Milius, "Finches Figure Out Solo How to Use Tools," Science News, November 10, 2001.
Irene Maxine Pepperberg, The Alex Studies: Cognitive and Communicative Abilities of Grey Parrots (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
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Lyle B. Steadman, Craig T. Palmer, and Christopher F. Tilley, "The Universality of Ancestor Worship," Ethnology (December 1996).
Chapter: 25
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William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples (1976; New York: Anchor Books, 1998); Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (New York: Norton, 1997). The date generally given for the closing of the American frontier is 1890. In reality, battles against Indian tribes continued until 1918.
VIDEO: Below is one of the sources used, Jared Diamond's Guns, Germs and Steel, which was serialized as a TV program. The first video should give you an sense of the scope of the question he wanted to answer, which was: why is there human cultural inequality, all things being equal?
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Kenneth T. Jackson, The Encyclopedia of New York City, 2004,http://www.yale.edu/yup/ENYC/triangle_shirtwaist.html (accessed March30, 2004).
Jennifer Jordan, "Hawks' Nest," West Virginia Historical Society Quarterly, April 1998, pp. 1-3; John Flores, "Dusts and Pneumoconioses, "Utah State University, September 11, 2002, www.biology.usu.edu/pubh5310/2002/Particles2002.pdf (accessed March 13, 2004).
Linda Schele and David Freidel, A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya (New York: William Morrow, 1990).
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Bernal Diaz Del Castillo, The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico: 1517-1521, ed. Genaro Garcia, trans. A. P. Maudslay (New York: Da Capo Press, 2004).
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Ann Gibbons, "Archaeologists Rediscover Cannibals," Science, August 1, 1997; Jean Luis Arsuaga, "Requiem for a Heavyweight," Natural History (December 2002/January 2003): 635-37.
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Michael Patrick Ghiglieri and Joshua Bilmes, The Dark Side of Man: Tracing the Origins of Male Violence (New York: Da Capo Press, 2000), pp. 116-17
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S. Semaw, P. Renne, J.W. K. Harris, C. S. Feibel, et al., "2.5-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools from Gona, Ethiopia," Nature (January 23, 1997):333-36.
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Julio Mercader, Melissa Panger, and Christophe Boesch, "Excavation of a Chimpanzee Stone Tool Site in the African Rainforest," Science (May 24, 2002): 1452-55.
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Gretchen Vogel, "Chimps in the Wild Show Stirrings of Culture,"Science (June 25, 1999): 2070-73.
VIDEO: See for yourself: chimpanzee culture and medicine usage
Chapter: 26
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Nancy Adajania, "Reaching Out: Between Static and Ghost Image: Art as Transmission," Hindu, special issue with the Sunday magazine, April 8, 2001.
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